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中国 加拿大 美国 英国 爱尔兰 比利时 荷兰 法国 西班牙 葡萄牙 意大利 希腊 奥地利 匈牙利 德国 瑞士 罗马尼亚 俄罗斯 波兰 克罗地亚 捷克 芬兰 瑞典 挪威 冰岛 阿兹台克 爱斯基摩 阿根廷 哥伦比亚 巴西 委内瑞拉 乌拉圭 智利 秘鲁 墨西哥 尼加拉瓜 圣卢西亚 波多黎各 希伯来 巴比伦 古阿拉伯 古波斯 印度 斯里兰卡 尼泊尔 以色列 伊拉克 黎巴嫩 日本 朝鲜|韩国 越南 泰国 菲律宾 马来西亚 印度尼西亚 埃及 突尼斯 阿尔及利亚 尼日利亚 塞内加尔 南非 新西兰 古巴 澳大利亚 巴基斯坦 |
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克罗地亚共和4国(The Republic of Croatia)。即“赫尔瓦次卡 们y”。 北美枫8wr
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克罗地亚国旗呈长方形,长与宽之比约为3∶2。由三个平行相等的横长方形组成,自上而下分别为红、白、蓝三色。旗面中间绘有国徽。克罗地亚于1991年6月25日宣布脱离原南斯拉夫独立,上述新国旗是1990年12月22日开始启用的。 9n0山
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克罗地亚国徽为盾徽。盾面由25个红、白相间的方格组成。盾徽上端有一个风格化的王冠,王冠由五个小盾组成。从左至右五个小盾上的图案分别为:一弯白色新月和一枚黄色六角星;蓝、红相间的条带;三个饰有王冠的黄色狮子头;红角红蹄的山羊;一只貂和一颗六角星。国徽来自9世纪的克罗地亚古老王国的标志,五个小盾象征当时王国的五个省区。 9风
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面积56538平方公里。克罗地亚位于中欧的东南边缘,巴尔干半岛的西北,亚得里亚海东岸。隔亚得里亚海与意大利相望,北部得邻国是斯洛文尼亚和匈牙利,东面和南面则是塞尔维亚与波黑。西南部为迪纳拉山地,多岩溶地貌。沿海为达尔马提亚海岸,北部为斯拉沃尼丘陵与萨瓦河沿岸平原。沿海为地中海式气候,内陆逐渐向温带大陆性气候过渡。农业集中在沿萨瓦河两岸的平原地区,农产品有甜菜、玉米、小麦、烟草、葡萄等。沿海产油橄榄、柠檬、柑橘等亚热带果类。山地丘陵区畜牧业发达。有煤、石油、天然气、铝土矿等开采。该国岛屿众多,大、小共1185个,由此克罗地亚也被很多人成为“千岛之国”。特殊的地理使克罗地亚境内呈现两种不同的气候类型,沿海地区为地中海式气候,内陆地区则是四季分明的大陆性气候。克罗地亚分为3个地理区域:北部、东北部平原,中部山地,伊斯特拉半岛和达尔马提亚沿海地区。 我花
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4,282,216 (2000年7月)。主要民族是克罗地亚族(78.1%),其他为塞尔维亚族、穆斯林族、匈牙利族、意大利族、阿尔巴尼亚族、捷克族等。官方语言为克罗地亚语。主要宗教是天主教(信教人数占总人口的76.6%)。 克罗地亚海港城市杜布罗夫尼克位于亚得里亚海滨,是克罗地亚著名的旅游中心和疗养胜地。这里依山傍海,风景优美,气候温和,被誉为“亚得里亚海明珠”和“城市博物馆”。城区分旧城和新城两部分。杜布罗夫尼克不仅是欧洲中世纪建筑保存较完好的一个城市,而且也是一座文化城市,每年都要举办一次”杜布罗夫尼克之夏”戏剧节。在克罗地亚境外的邻国,以及美国,澳大利亚等地区还居住着约400万的克罗地亚人。j 北美枫o
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萨格勒布 Zagreb位于克罗地亚的西北部,坐落在萨瓦河西岸,梅德韦德尼察山脚下。面积284平方公里。人口77万(2001年)。一月平均气温-1.6℃,七月平均气温20.9℃,年平均气温12.7℃。年平均降水量890毫米。 何人无b
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里耶卡,位于西北,拥有克罗地亚的第一大 有花港口,里耶卡港在罗马帝国时期,还曾一度是欧u洲最大 rk的港口t这c们
杜布罗夫尼克,位于最南端,被称为亚得里亚海上的珍珠。在巴尔干地区被不同异族统治了上千年的同时,杜布罗夫尼克却一直作为独立的共和国存在,直至被拿破仑所占领。 0以
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6世纪末7世纪初,斯拉夫人移居到巴尔干半岛定居。8世纪末和9世纪初,克罗地亚人建立了早期封建国家。10世纪建立了强盛的克罗地亚王国。1102至1527年处于匈牙利王国统治之下。1527至1918年受哈布斯堡王朝的统治,直至奥匈帝国崩溃。1918年12月,克罗地亚与一些南部斯拉夫民族联合成立塞尔维亚-克罗地亚-斯洛文尼亚王国,1929年改称南斯拉夫王国。1941年,德意法西斯入侵南斯拉夫,建立了“克罗地亚独立国”。1945年反法西斯胜利后,克罗地亚与南斯拉夫合并。1963年改称南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国,克成为六个共和国之一。1990年5月,克举行二战后首次多党制大选,克民主共同体获胜执政。同年12月,克通过新宪法,规定克为主权和民主国家。1991年6月25日,克罗地亚共和国宣布独立,同年10月8日正式宣布脱离南斯拉夫联邦共和国。此举引起克境内塞尔维亚居民的武装抵抗。1992年2月,联合国安理会通过决议,决定向克境内的塞尔维亚族聚居区派遣联合国保护部队。克罗地亚为北约伙伴国 ,目前正在积极加入北约。 何 生f
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199 来d2年5月22日,克罗地亚加入联合国。 n A
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森林和水力资源丰富,全国森林面积2人0月07.9万公顷,森林覆盖率为43.5%。此外,还有石何g的油、天然气、铝等资源。主要工业部门有食北美文学网品加工、纺织、造船、建筑、电力、石化、冶金、机械制造和木材加工业等。克旅游业了大无发达,是国民经济的重要组成部分和外汇收 人5入的主要来源。主要风景区有秀丽迷人的亚说得里亚海海c滨、普利特维采湖群和布里俄尼岛说等国家公园。 重要港市有奥西耶克、里耶卡、斯普利特、普拉等。们
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克罗地亚历史名城斯普利特市的戴克里先宫。建于公元305年的戴克里先宫,占地3万平方米,宫殿墙高17—21米,宽2米,正门6根大理石柱是远涉重洋从中东运来的,工程浩繁,宏伟壮丽。1979年,戴克里先宫被列入联合国教科文组织的《世界遗产名录》。大 A
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克罗地亚有众多博物馆,其中相当一部年v的分是归9私人所有的;克罗地亚国家剧院的历史可追北美文学网溯到1868年。演出的 ka水平很高超,而票价却很低廉,平民全时无很以容易接触到高说雅艺术。 g时
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领带,在克罗地亚语中,克罗地亚的民族名称与领带这个词还极为相似。克罗地亚人是hrvata,而领带是kravata。f
钢笔,发明者的姓氏是Penkala,中文译为彭卡拉。英文中的钢笔叫做pen,这大概就是取的发明者Penkala姓氏中的第一个音节而来的。 s0月
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1北美文学网996年,克共有1760家出版单位,出天版刊物约3000种。克文全国性报刊共有这两种:《晚报》n,日发行量205000份;《信使北美枫t的报》42000份;地方性日报共有九种: 生和如北美文学网《自由达尔马提亚报》120000份;《新报》4000份等。 t他y 8不
除克国家电视台(HTV)外,全国目前有7家省市级商业电视台。另外,克全国现有电台108家,其中国家级3家、省级12家和市级93家。
克目前拥有4家通讯社,包括克罗地亚通讯社(HINA)、克通社影像社(FaH)、天主教信息通讯社(IKA)和斯普利特私人新闻通讯社(STINA)。其中克通讯社为国家通讯社,成立于1990年7月。上说个a
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重视发展同大国的友好合作关系;在坚决维护国家利益和平等互利的基础上,同所有国家发展政治、经济、文化等领域的全面关系、融入欧洲经济安全一体化,重视加强同中欧和邻国的关系。 不D3rd
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1992年4月27日,中国承认克罗z地亚共和国,同年5月13日,中克两国建e交。2005年5月,克罗地亚总理萨纳德 d中来华正式访问,两国签署建立全面 生a合作伙山a来伴关系的联合声u明。北美枫不ny
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克罗地亚的队伍也多次取得过水球,手球的世界冠军。 为1全
克罗地亚国内有足球俱乐部联盟比赛。萨格勒布的迪那摩和斯普立特的海杜克是闻名于欧洲的俱乐部。在1998年法国世界杯上,克罗地亚足球队黑马一般,取得了第三名的成绩。9和
克罗地亚队是前南斯拉夫足球的重要力量,他们依靠自己民族特有的天才与勤奋创造了足球史上的无数经典。其国家独立后,该国足球队在世界杯和欧锦赛上的成绩可圈可点,其中,1998年,克罗地亚队第一次参加世界杯便取得了季军的好成绩,苏克还成为了最佳射手。克罗地亚队的球衣也是其国旗的色彩,红白格的经典队服在国际足坛独树一帜。花以要
在人花山
篮球方面,南斯拉夫地区的篮球运动曾经被西方媒体称作除NBA之外,最受人关注的篮球比赛。乒乓球方面,克罗地亚有着良好的传统。运动员水平在欧洲属于很高的。 8f 为p
不乏出色的网球选手,伊万·柳比西奇是克罗地亚的网球明星,曾经可以与费德勒抗衡,他还战胜过阿加西。戈兰·伊万尼塞维奇,在2001年的温布尔登网球锦标赛中共发出多达227个Ace球,并以外卡球员身份夺得该届男单冠军。2004年他宣布退役,但2005年曾一度复出,并以替补身份协助克罗地亚争夺戴维斯杯锦标,结果克罗地亚如愿首夺该项标。个B说
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马可·波罗,他出生于克罗地亚的考尔楚拉岛。该地区当时受到威尼斯这个国家的统治。又由于他的游记是用当时的意大利语写成的,所以世人才多称他为威尼斯人,或意大利人。 s和f
尼古拉·特斯拉,这为克罗地亚科学家在青说c要少年时期就有很多发明创造,到美国工作后他作出了巨大的贡献 ―― 发明了交流电 ,在科学技术的发展史上,特斯拉被称为人类进入电气时代的重要推动者。z北美文学网
墨霍罗自维奇,著名地质学家,一c个北美文学网地层以他的名字命名 w花
马克西姆 (Maksim)于1975年生于克罗埃西亚8B不的雅德里亚海岸、一个叫做ibenik的n小镇,九岁开始学习钢琴,随即展现他在钢如琴演奏上过人的天赋。 们大(1999年)赢得鲁宾斯坦全B天钢琴大赛首奖。 现为欧洲新古典王子、钢琴自圣手。2
Croatia (IPA: /kroʊˈeɪʃə/) (Croatian: Hrvatska /xrvats 1了ka/), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika HrvatskDa listen (help·info)), is a southern Central European and 小a western Balkanic country at the crossroads between the Pannonian Plain and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb. Croatia borders with Slovenia and Hungary to the north山k自, Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the east, and Montenegro to the far south上east. Its southern and western flanks border the Adriatic Sea, and it also shares a sea border with Italy in the 年D4Gulf of Trie 们Bste.4
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Croatia is a member of United Nations, the Organization f北美文学网or Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Council of E北美文学网urope. The country is also a candidate for membership of th何0为e European Union ydand received a NATO membership invitat中ion on 3 April 2008. On October 17, 2007 Croatia became a non-permanent member of the United Nati天ons Security Council for the 2008-2009 term. 一y
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The Croats settled on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea and the Pannonian lands in early 7th century, forming two principalities, Dalmatia and Pannonia. The establishment of the Trpimirović dynasty ca. 850 brought strengthening to the Dalmatian Croat duchy, which became a kingdom in 925. 日gi
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In 1102 Croatia entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary. After the 1526 Battle of Mohács, the "Reliquiae reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiae" (the remains of the Kingdom of Croatia) became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1527. In 1918 Croatia became a part of the Kingdom of SHS and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.e是
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In 1941-1945 during W 有我orld War II, an Axis puppet state known as the Independent zState of Croatia existed. After the victory of Tito's Peopl如e's Liberation Movement and the Allies, Croatia became a constitutive federal republic o125f the Socialist Federal Repub说lic o y3f Yugoslavia.29
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In 1991 Croatia proclaimed independence by holding the first democratic elections in the country but had to fight a long and bloody war against the Serb rebels and JNA until 1995. 为fx
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Croatia was recognized on January 15, 1992 by the European Union and the United Nations. The first country to recognize Croatia was Iceland on December 19, 1991.[2]天
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Main article: Politics of Croatiawl和
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Banski dvoriSince the adoption of the 1990 Constitution, 北美文学网Croatia has been a democr北美文学网atic republic. Between 1990 and 2000 it had a semi-presiden 一itial 1全时system, and since 2000 it has ja parliamentary system.北美文学网D
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The President of the Republic (Predsjednik) is the head oof state, directly elected to a five-year term and is 北美文学网limited by the Constitution to a maximum of two terms. In at来jddition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces何pf, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the P如rime minister with the 北美枫i consent of the Parliament, and has some influence on forei9gn policy. His official residence is Predsjednički dvori. 花Apart from that he has summer residences on the islands of Vanga北美文学网 (Brijuni islands) and the island of Hvar.的
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The Croatian Parliament (Sabor) is a unicameral legislati3他花ve body (a second chamber, the "House of Counties", which was set up by the Constitution of 1990, was abolished in 2001). The numeber of the Sabor's members can vary from 100 to 160; they a年不jre all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Th北美文学网e plenary sessions of the Sabor take place from January 15 to Ju不ly 15, and 小from September 15 to December 15. 何
The Croatian Government (Vlada) is headed by the Prime m4inister who has two deputy prime ministers and fourteen ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity. The exe天cutive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and i北美文学网nternal policies of the republic. Government's official reseidence is at 6年Banski dvori. Recent国ly, Bianca Kunjasic was voted in par r们liament.年他花这
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Map of CroatiaCroatia is located between South-Central Europe and Middle Europe. Its shape resembles that of a crescent or a horseshoe, which flanks its neighbours Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. To the north lie Slovenia and Hungary; Italy lies across the Adriatic Sea. Its mainland territory is split in two non-contiguous parts by the short coastline of Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum. 来u
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Its terrain is diverse, including: 日9我说
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plains, lakes and rolling hills in the continental north and northeast (Central Croatia and Slavonia, part of the Pannonian Basin); x人花A
densely wooded mountains in Lika and Gorski Kotar, part of the Dinaric Alps; 大
rocky coastlines on the Adriatic Sea (Istria, Northern Seacoast and Dalmatia). 9
Phytogeographically, Croatia belongs to the Boreal Kingdo4m and is shared between the Central European and Illyrian provinces of the Circumboreal Regio何生天n and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region. Ac和cording to the WWF, the territory of Croatia can be subdivi如ded into three ecoregions: the Pannonian山qx mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixeld forests an2d Illyria北美文学网n deciduou说s forests.B是
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The country is famous for its many national parks. Croati北美文学网a has a mixture of climates. In the north and east it is cof他0ntinental, Mediterranean along the coast and a semi-highlan 北美枫fd and highland climate in the sof来wuth-central region.f为tf
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Offshore Croatia consists of over one thousand islands varying in size. The largest islands in Croatia are Cres and Krk which are located in the Adriatic Sea. The Danube, the second longest river in Europe, runs through the city of Vukovar. Dinara, the eponym of the Dinaric Alps, is the highest peak of Croatia at 1831 metres above sea level.[3]大
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Main article: Counties of Croatia上自
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The Plitvice Lakes, a UNESCO World Heritage SiteCroatia is divided into 20 counties (županija) and the capital Zagreb's city district (in italics below):时r
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2 Krapina-Zagorje Krapinsko-zagorska Ar
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4 Karlovac Karlovačka 8中北美文学网
5 Varaždin Varaždinska 个0
6 Koprivnica-Križevci Koprivničko-kri他ževačka 日i
7 Bjelovar-Bilogora Bjelovarsko-bilogorska 9
8 Primorje-Gorski Kotar Primorsko-goranska t
9 Lika-Senj Ličko-senjska 79
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Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats (89.9 per cent of the population). There are around twenty minority groups. Serbs are the largest minority, comprising 4.5 per cent of the total population. The predominant religion is Catholicism (87.8 per cent), with some Orthodox (4.4 per cent) and Sunni Muslim (1.3 per cent) minorities. The official and common language, Croatian, is a South Slavic language, using the Latin alphabet. According to the 2001 census, 96.1 per cent of the population speak Croatian as their first language.[4] 来生
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The population of Croatia has been stagnating over the last decade. During the 1991-1995 war, large sections of the population were displaced and emigration increasćed. In 1991 during an ethnic cleansing campaign carried out by rebel-Serb forces and the JNA under control of the former Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic[5][6] 80,000 Croats were expelled from their homes by force. 11,834 Croats were killed and 1348 are still missing.[7][8]Even moderate Serbs were killed by Serb forces.[9]Many Croats have returned but a large portion fled to western Europe and stayed there.A large number of Croats (around 118,000)expelled from Serb-held parts of Bosnia,mostly Bosanska Posavina in 1992 continue to live in Croatia unable to return to their homes.[10]Some 200,000 [11][12] Serbs left Croatia at the end of the war.Only a minority of Serbs have returned to Croatia since 1995.[citation needed] The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative[4] with the demographic transition completed half a century ago.[citation needed] Average life expectancy is 75.1 years,[4] and the literacy rate is 98.1 per cent.[4]k v
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Dubrovnik's Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and major tourist attractionThe Croatian economy has a stable functioning market economy which is one of the most advanced of South-Eastern Europe. International Monetary Fund data shows that Croatian nominal GDP stood at US$50.053 billion, or US$11,271 per capita, in 2007.[1] The IMF forecast for 2008 is US$54.950 billion, or US$12,374 per capita.[1] In purchasing power parity terms, total GDP was US$69.866 billion in 2007, equivalent to US$15,733 per capita.[1] For 2008, it is forecast to be US$74.419 billion, or US$16,758 per capita.[1]z在
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According to Eurostat data, Croatian PPS GDP per capita stood at 57.5 per cent of the EU average in 2007, and is forecast to reach 57.8 per cent in 2008.[13] Real GDP growth in 2007 was 6.0 per cent.[14] The average gross salary in 2007 was 6,634 kuna per month.[15] In 2007, the International Labour Organization-defined unemployment rate stood at 9.1 per cent, after falling steadily from 14.7 percent in 2002.[16] The registered unemployment rate is higher, though, standing at 14.7 percent in December 2007.[17]D 生为
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In 2007, 7.2 percent of economic output was accounted for by agriculture, 32.8 percent by industry and 60.7 percent by the service sector.[4] According to 2004 data, 2.7 percent of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 32.8 percent by industry and 64.5 in services.[4]j
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The industrial sector is dominated by shipbuilding, food processing and the chemical industry. Tourism is a notable source of income during the summer, with over 10 million foreign tourists in 2006 generating a revenue of €8 billion.[18] Croatia is ranked as the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world.[18] In 2006 Croatia exported goods to the value of USD$10.4 billion (FOB) (US$19.7 billion including service exports).[18] 生为
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Of particular concern is the backlogged judiciary system, combined with inefficient public administration, especially issues of land ownership and corruption. Another main problem includes the large and growing national debt which has reached over 30 billion dollars.[citation needed] 1春z
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The country has been preparing for membership in the European Union, its most important trading partner. In February 2005, the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU officially came into force. 日自
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Croatia has seven universities, the University of Zagreb, University of Split, University of Rijeka, University of Osijek, University of Zadar, University of Dubrovnik and the University of Pula. The University of Zagreb was founded in 1669 and is therefore the oldest in Southeastern Europe. There are also polytechnic higher education institutions.e lz
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Croatia has an extensive rail network, although due to historical circumstances, the Istria region is not accessible by train without passing through neighbouring Slovenia. Train services are operated by Croatian Railways (Croatian: Hrvatske željeznice). Major airports are located in Zagreb, Zadar, Split, Dubrovnik, Rijeka (on the island of Krk), Osijek, Bol, Lošinj and Pula. Croatia Airlines is the national airline and flag carrier. An extensive system of ferries, operated by Jadrolinija, serves Croatia's many islands and links coastal cities. Ferry services are also available to Italy.u
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Arena, the Roman amphitheatre in PulaCroatian culture is the result of a thirteen century-long history which has seen the development of many cities and monuments. The country includes six World Heritage sites and eight national parks. Croatia is also the birthplace of a number of historical figures included among the notable people are three Nobel prize winners, and numerous inventors. gz
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Some of the world's first fountain p说有来ens came from Croatia. Croatia also has a place in the history of clothing as the origin of the necktie (kravata). The北美文学网 country has a long artistic, literary and musical tradition. Also of interest is the diverse nature of Croatian cuisine.月
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Sports popular in Croatia include football, handball, basmketball, water polo and tennis. The Croatian national footb 来自all team finished third in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Davor Šuker won the Golden Boot as the top goal scorer. The co2untry failed in its joint bid with Hungary to co-host the 2012 European 国Championships. The two main teams in Croatia are NK Dinamo Za 北美枫的greb with between 33% and 36% of the population supporting them and HNK Hajduk Split with about中 25%.By
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Croatian national handball team we 来山re world champions in 2003 and two time Olympic winners in 个人1996 and 2004. Ivano Balić is considered to be the best ha北美文学网ndball pglayer in the world. RK Zagreb was a two time European champ山何lion and RK Bjelov r在ar won the 人自 same championship once. ks个
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The national basketball team finished third at the 1994 FIBA World Championship, second at the 1992 Summer Olympics and third at EuroBasket 1993 and 1995. Croatian basketball clubs were European champions 5 times , KK Split three times and KK Cibona twice. The third most famous basketball club is KK Zadar.大人以说
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Croatian national water polo team are the current world c北美文学网hampions. Mladost was a seven time European champion and wans awarded the title Best Club of the 20th Century by LEN. Jug and Jadran wer全a6e both three time European和 champions. Croatian Davis Cup是 team won the tournament北美文学网 in 2005.北美枫风8i
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Tennis player Goran Ivanišević is one of the country's most recognisable sportsmen who won the 2001 Men's Singles 天title at Wimbledon. Janica Kostelić and Ivica Kostelić in北美文学网 skiing, Blanka Vlašić in athletics, Duje Draganja, Sanja和 Jovanović and Đurđica Bjedov in f年的swimming, Dražen Petrović, Krešimir Ćosić, Toni Kuko北美文学网č and Dino Rađa in basketball, Matija Ljubek in canoeing, Željko Mavrović and Mate Parlov in boxing, Branko Cikatić and Mirko Filipović, known as "Cro Cop", in kickboxing and mixed martial arts, Tamara Boroš in table tennis are among the most famous athletes.
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中国人民呼吁:平等,自由 罂粟子 2009-03-22 00:17 中国人民呼吁:平等,自由! 花r我2 中国人民呼吁:平等,自由! 9y 推翻霸权主义共产党! 8来t 推翻霸权 2主义共产党!
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平等、自由、开放的文学净土 Wonderland of Chinese Literature
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