 国名：爱尔兰共和国（爱尔兰语：Poblacht na hÉireann或Éire；英语：Republic of Ireland；简称：Eire），全国草地遍布，有“绿岛”之称。他 A
和这
西临大西洋东靠爱尔兰海，与英国隔海相望m，爱尔兰为北美通向欧洲的通道。爱尔兰人 北美枫d属于凯尔特人，是欧洲大陆第一代居民的子嗣。它有5000多年历史，是一个有着悠久历史 6在的国家。 尽管爱尔兰也有自己的语言-盖尔语山有s，但它却是欧洲除英国之外唯一一个英语国 kw家。爱尔兰共和 d7国于1922年从英国殖民统治下独立出来，是个和平宁静的国家。爱尔兰北部被称为北爱尔兰，至今仍属 北美枫这于英国，因此爱尔兰与电视新闻中经常出现的暴力u冲突频频的北爱尔兰是有所不同的。g北美枫
w小 ll
为春w5
国旗国徽 d2z
ve
国旗：爱尔兰国旗呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2：1。从左至右由绿、白、橙三个平行相等的竖长方形组成。绿色代表信仰天主教的爱尔兰人，也象征爱尔兰的绿色宝岛；橙色代表新教及其信徒，这一颜色还取意于奥伦治•拿骚宫的色彩，也表示尊贵和财富；白色象征天主教徒和新教派教徒之间永久休战、团结友爱，还象征对光明、自由、民主与和平的追求。 国 为0
d个 一
国徽：爱尔兰国徽为盾徽，天蓝色的盾面上绘有金黄色的竖琴。蓝色象征大海和天空，竖琴为爱尔兰人民喜爱的“天使之琴”。 日w
北美枫春大
g
国歌简介 l5这
日无 一
国歌：《士兵的歌》 t这
全他
歌词：让我们来唱个士兵的歌，大家欢乐地应和，星星在我们的头上闪烁，当我们围着营火。等待着明天去作战，大家心里焦急不安，就在静静的黑夜里，我们高唱士兵的歌。我们士兵把生命献给爱尔兰，有些人来自海的那一边。誓必获自由，我们祖先的土地，不能庇护暴君和奴隶。今晚我们为了爱尔兰，不管它是福还是祸；大炮怒吼，子弹呼啸，我们高唱士兵的歌。e们
北美文学网y上
c4
语言介绍i3t不
v们
爱尔兰语是爱尔兰的第一官方语言；宪法承2认英语是第二官方语言。作为爱尔兰的第一官方语言，爱尔兰语属于凯尔特语系，与英c格兰语、盖尔语、威尔士语和布列塔尼语关 d在系密切。19世纪以前，大部分爱尔兰人说爱尔我dD兰语，但到了19世纪末，能讲何大b爱尔兰语的爱尔兰人仅占总人口的15%了。公 北美枫p元12世纪，英国的入侵D给凯尔特文化造成重创，英语传入爱尔兰， 们们爱尔兰作家用英语进行创作则始于13世纪；爱尔兰培育了许多世界著名的文学家和艺术家我我在，其中有四人获得了诺贝尔文学奖，他们是诗人叶芝、剧作家肖伯纳、剧作家贝克特和北美文学网诗人希尼。还有19世纪唯美主义代表王尔德和u代表意识流小说最高成就的作品《尤利西斯年全d》的作者乔伊西。19世纪末，随着民族文化复了日如兴及爱尔兰的独立，爱尔兰语也得到了相当程度的恢复和展，现在约有35%的爱尔兰人掌北美枫DB握爱尔兰语。国家积极鼓励人民用爱尔兰语是，目前，爱尔兰语是中小学的必修课，国家 人h爱尔兰语委员会在全国推广使用爱c尔兰语，建立了爱尔兰语的电台和电视台，越来越多的学校只用爱尔兰语自授课的。来
花人9
要 A
国石国鸟了2
gC
国鸟：z蛎鹬（Eurasian Oystcercatcher） 3k如
y时
蛎鹬（Eurasian Oystercatcher）为鹳形目、蛎鹬科、蛎鹬属，俗称海喜鹊，拉丁文Haematopus ostralegus。分布于欧洲至西伯利亚，南方越冬，时一种部常见的季候鸟。其翅长270毫米，红嘴长直而端钝；小腿粉红色，上背、头及胸部黑色，下背及尾上覆羽白色，下体其余部位白色；翼上黑色，沿次级飞羽的基部有白色宽带；翼下白色并具狭窄的黑色后缘。平时喜欢栖息在海岸、沼泽、河口三角洲地区，大多数蛎鹬单个活动，有时结成小群在海滩上觅食软体动物、甲壳类或蠕虫。它们跑得很快，飞翔力较强，常站立在海滨低岩的顶部等待退潮；潮退后，在淤泥或沙中用嘴搜索食物。它们在海滨砂砾中筑“陷穴状”巢，每窝产卵2～4枚，卵呈橄榄黄带灰色、带褐黑色斑点。花yj
天c
x是
国花国树了不中
的w何
国花：白三叶草（White clover） 日大4
北美枫6 g
白三叶草（White Clover）学名萨姆劳克花（Tri 北美枫gfolium repens），又名“白车轴草”，”白花苜蓿”。为双子叶植物纲、豆科、多年生宿根e性草本植物，开花早、花期长、叶形美观。 北美枫中植株低矮，匍匐性强，其侧根、须根发达，生有大量根瘤，生长势强，具有很强的侵占性；在频繁修剪的情况下可保持草坪不衰败，寿命一般在10年以上。其根部具有较强的分蘖能力和再生能力，保持着和豆科根瘤菌共生的特性，根系有固氮能力，只在苗期根瘤菌尚未生成时，需要少量补充氮肥。白三叶草喜光及温暖湿润气候，适于生长在年降雨量为800～1200毫米的地区，生长适宜温度为16～25℃，耐寒、耐热、耐荫、耐践踏，30%透光率即可正常生长，不耐干旱和长期积水。对土壤要求不严，但在酸性土壤中生长势较好，尤喜富钙质及腐殖质、粘质土壤，在碱性土壤中生长势较差。 2自
v不要
s上 来C
当地居民是如
全全
爱尔兰人的主要宗教是天主教，大约90％以上的人是天主教徒，其它居民则信奉基督教新教等，许多其它宗教传统也得以充分体现并受到尊重。爱尔兰人宗教信仰自由与道德观的选择权已明确写入爱尔兰宪法，而且在最近的几十年来，爱尔兰的宗教、社会及政治兼容性得到普遍的体现与重视，因而在这方面它已成为一享有国际盛誉的国家。其它宗教和教派有圣公分、新教各派、犹太教等。 春月
了
爱尔兰是个单一民族的国家，全国98.7％的说的z人是爱尔兰人，另来有3万人是英格兰人，苏格兰人约有5000人，犹l太人约有4000人。u
7i
人口：4062235人（2006年7月）。大部为爱尔兰人；居民95％信罗马天主教。是是
A 日k
年龄层结构： 日Dz
0~14岁：20.9%（437903男／409774女）D
15~64岁：67.6如%（1373771男／1370452日女）f
65岁以上：11.6%（207859男／2624这76女）（2006年）如的
何r
平均年龄：
总计：34岁 何春
男性：33.2岁i北美文学网
人7i 女性34.8岁（2花006年） Ct人D我
9
人口增长率：1．15%（２００６年）说们s 国
出生率（k出生／一千人）：14．5%（２００６年）
死亡率（死亡／一千人）：7．2%（２００６年） s4年v年
净移民率（移民／一千人）：4．7%（２００６年）c
性别比例：大花s
出k生：1．07女全z上 d春
15岁以下：１．０７男／１女m
１５~６４岁：１男／１女以
６５岁以上2：０．７９男来／１女北美枫这我u
总人口：０．９９男／１女（２００６年）j 有这
婴儿死亡率（死亡／一千成活）：大32k
总计：５．３１‰B如i
男性：５．８２‰是y
女性：４．７６‰（２００６年） s生以
平均寿命： 国
总计：７７k．７３岁月
有e男性：７8s5５．１１岁2
女性８０．５２岁（２００６年）C是
总生育率：１．８６出生／１女性（２０他０６年）来风
艾滋病成人感染率：０１％（２００１年）7
艾滋病感染人数：２８００（２００１年） 何的
艾滋北美文学网病死亡人数：少于１００人（２００３年）i
大不个
时c
节日特产时和
要7
节日：爱尔兰的主要节日有1月1日新年，2月1日圣•布莱特日（Saint Bridget's Day），3月17日圣帕特里克节（即爱尔兰国庆日），3月18日Sheelah's Day，耶稣受难日和复活节(3月21日起月圆后的第一个星期日是复活节，在复活节前的星期五是耶稣受难日，假期从星期五至星期一)，6、8、10月的第一个星期一为银行假日，7月最后一个星期日Reek Sunday，11月1日万圣节All Saints' Day，12月24日圣诞节前夜，12月25日圣诞节，12月26日圣史蒂芬节和12月31日狂欢节。 r7
0北美枫
特产：爱尔兰有两种酒是非尝不可的，一是已有700历史的爱尔兰威士忌（Irish Whiskey）和单一品味甜酒之冠的百利甜酒。爱尔兰的威士忌拼法和英美不同，不是“Whisky”，而是“Whiskey”。当地人笑称，多了一个“e”表示爱尔兰的威士忌比英美的威士忌Excellent（更棒）；而百利甜酒更是爱尔兰极具创意的佳作，名列世界洋酒第十三位；另外，爱尔兰还有很多种口味的手工巧克力，是赠送亲友的好礼品。爱尔兰的其他特产还有华登峰水晶玻璃（Waterford Crystal）、爱尔兰格子呢、爱尔兰风笛、克拉达戒指（CladdaghRing）、塔拉胸针（TaraBrooch）等，既可送给自己也可送与知己。x l在
r天
0
行政区划花B
为w
爱尔兰共和国传统上分为26个郡（英：County，不含北爱尔兰六郡），其中都柏林郡已经分为3个郡和1个郡级市（英：County Borough），蒂珀雷里郡分为南北2个郡，其它地区又设立了4个郡级市，所以实际上是34个郡级行政区:f春
i2
卡洛郡（County Carlow，首府卡洛），卡文郡（County Cavan，首府卡文），克莱尔郡（County Clare，首府恩尼斯），科克郡（County Cork，首府科克），科克郡级市（Cork），多尼戈尔郡（County Donegal，首府多尼戈尔），都柏林郡（County Dublin，首府都柏林），都柏林郡级市（Dublin City），邓莱里-拉斯当（Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown），菲高（Fingal），南都柏林（South Dublin），高威郡（戈尔韦郡）（County Galway，首府高威（戈尔韦）），高威郡级市（Galway），凯里郡（County Kerry，首府凯里），基尔代尔郡（County Kildare，首府基尔代尔），基尔肯尼郡（County Kilkenny，首府基尔肯尼），莱伊什郡（County Laois，首府莱伊什（崂斯）港），利特里姆郡（County Leitrim，首府利特里姆），利默里克郡（County Limerick），利默里克郡级市（Limerick），朗福德郡（County Longford，首府朗福德），劳斯郡（County Louth，首府敦达克），梅奥郡（County Mayo，首府卡斯特勒哈），米斯郡（County Meath，首府那湾），莫纳亨郡（County Monaghan，首府莫奈根），奥法利郡（County Offaly，首府奥法利），罗斯康芒郡（County Roscommon，首府罗斯康芒），斯莱戈郡（County Sligo，首府斯莱戈），蒂珀雷里郡（County Tipperary）北蒂珀雷里（North Tipperary，首府尼纳），南蒂珀雷里（South Tipperary，首府克郎莫尔），沃特福德郡（County Waterford），沃特福德郡级市（Waterford），韦斯特米斯郡（County Westmeath，首府穆林嘎），韦克斯福德郡（County Wexford，首府韦克斯福德），威克洛郡（County Wicklow，首府威克洛）。以f
7
此外，阿马（Armagh）、安特里姆（Antrim）、德里（Derry）、唐（Down）、泰隆（Tyrone）、弗马纳（Fermanagh）6个郡属于北爱尔兰。1921年12月6日爱尔兰南部26郡成立“自由邦”后，北部6郡仍归英国；1937年爱尔兰宣布“自由邦”为共和国，1948年12月21日脱离英联邦成为现在的爱尔兰共和国。以
花4f
日yw花
来中
自然地理 1他 dw
eD
爱尔兰位于欧洲西部爱尔兰岛的中南部，西濒大西洋，东北与英国的北爱尔兰接壤，东隔爱尔兰海与英国相望，海岸线长3169公里，中部是丘陵和平原，沿海多为高地；最长的河流香侬河长约370公里，最大的湖泊为科里布湖。爱尔兰岛是不列颠群岛最大的岛屿之一，它南北长475公里，东西宽275公里，全岛面积为8.4万平方公里，其中5／6的面积属于爱尔兰共和国。爱尔兰国土由中部平原和环列四周的滨海山构成，形似一个边缘陡峭的盆地，南北高中间低；中部平原占全国总面积的一半以上，海拔30～120米，间有海拔200～300米的低丘，这一地区被茂盛的森林覆盖，绿地遍野，是理想的草原牧场。东部和北部山脉海拔700～900米，南部山脉在海拔700～1000米之间；西南沿海悬崖陡峭、怪石嶙峋。山中多洞穴、暗流；滨海山地久经侵蚀，山体为宽谷分割，有利于内地与沿海之间的交通。爱尔兰的海岸线长达3000多公里，其东部海岸比较平直，缺乏天然良港；西部与南部的海岸线犬牙交错，绵延起伏、极富变化。自
春月
地理位置:欧洲西部，位于北大西洋爱尔兰岛上，英国岛西边。东北与英国的北爱尔兰相连，东隔爱尔兰海与圣乔治海峡和大不列颠岛相望，西临大西洋。r3f风
地理坐标：北纬53度/西经8度 8如花要
总面积：70280平方公里（占爱尔兰岛的84％） Aw无
土地分布面积：68890平方公里7 何
水分布面积：1390平方公里 v
面积比较：比重庆市小一些，比宁夏回族自治区大一些。 为a
国土边界线：总计360公里。接壤国家：英国，360公里。风
海岸线：1448公里h0北美枫
海洋主权：领海，12海里；专们署捕鱼区，200海里 6Bwa
生k人C如
气候：气候温和湿润，为典型海洋性气候，受北大西洋气候影响。四季区别不明显。年平均气温在０℃到２０℃之间。长年多雨，晴朗天气约占全年１／５时间。墨西哥湾暖流的影响以及大西洋盛行西南风的作用，爱尔兰气候平稳，全国气温基本一致。冬季4摄氏度-7摄氏度，夏季14摄氏度-16摄氏度。降水量在800-1000毫米。 地理： 爱尔兰为岛国，位于欧洲大陆的西北海岸。面积70,282平方公里，绿荫遍布，河流纵横。要 g
8说nau
地形：全岛被小型丘陵环绕，中部相对较低，是河、湖纵横的低地。部亦多湖泊。河流以香农河最长，余皆短小。全岛被东西走向的利菲河分割为南北两部分。西卡朗图厄尔山是全国最高点（海拔1，041米）。大西洋沿岸港湾曲折深切，多良港。东岸较平直。要的
北美枫2
极制点：最高点为Carrauntoohil山，1041米；最低点为大西洋，０米。的i
这 g
自然资源：天然气，泥煤，铜，铅，石墨，锌，银，重晶石，石膏，石灰石，白云石。春i
x l我
土地应用比例：C 生个
耕地：16.82%t g
永久耕种土地：0.03% 北美文学网全
其他：83.15%（2005年）是如
来s v
现环境问题：水污染，特别是湖泊，问题来自农业废品在
x以
Dy
g自
人文地理来
m国籍：爱尔兰籍日年来r
他c
文化体：凯尔特人，英国人 一x
v
宗教：罗马天主教８８．这４％，爱尔兰教会（爱尔兰圣公会，为基督 来小教新教的一派）３％，其他基督教１．６％e，未表明２％，无信仰３．５％（２００２北美文学网年）s
春个
语言：英语（官方）为通用语言。爱尔兰语月（官方）（或称凯尔特语）只有少数人使用，这西海北美文学网岸地区为多。月花无
不n
文化层：北美枫o
定义：１５岁以上，可读可写。Ci
l为总是人口：说９９％
男性：９他９％ 国
人山的女性：９９％（２上０ 们D０３年） 生有
f不y
国名：要7
通用全称：爱尔兰共和国不7我0
通用简称：爱尔兰7全
地方全称：Poblacht na hÉireann vC
地方简称：EirewA
来来
政府体制：议会共和制（议会民主） 生我
8o
首都：都柏林（Dublin） sa 1天
02
独立日：１９２１年１２月６日（以《英爱条约》从英国脱离）风是
j 1C
国庆日：３月１７日（圣帕特里克日） 为年y
日大了
法定假日：３月１７日，Saint Patrick's Day，圣巴特里克节，每年3月17日，美国和爱尔兰的基督教徒纪念爱尔兰的守护神，圣帕特里克。北美枫3有w
一0
宪法：于１９３７年６月１４日经议会通过，同年７月１日经全民公投被采用，同年１２月２９日生效。
l月
法律系统：基于英国习惯法，以本土习俗充分改良；立法司法审查于最高法院执行；没有加纳强制性联合国国际法院权限。了北美枫无以
7
选举权：１８岁以上全体公民C
wsh上
84e
不如 日w
执政机构f3k了
CC
总统：Mary McAleese（玛丽·麦卡利斯）（自１９９７年１１月１１日）C
总理：Bertie Ahern（伯蒂·埃亨）（自１９９７年６月２６日）了和
内阁：由总统和上任提名风y
选举：总统由每七年一次的全民公投选举产生。以u
爱尔兰国会（Oireachtas）为两院制，分为爱尔兰上议院（Seanad Éireann）和爱尔兰下议院（Dáil Éireann）。上议院实权很小，由60名议员组成，其中11名由总理提名，3名由爱尔兰国立大学毕业生选出，3名由都柏林大学毕业生选出，43名从五个特殊职业领域（文化、农渔、劳工、工商、社会）选出。下议院实权较大，由166名议员组成，每个选区选出三到五名代表，选举按比例代表制用单一可转换票 (Single Transferable Vote) 系统进行。按照爱尔兰宪法（Bunreacht na hÉireann），议会选举至少每7年举行一次，具体间隔通过立法决定。现今议会选举间隔为5年一次。春
日风
宪法规定内阁人数不超过15人，其中上议院议员不得超过2人，同时总理、副总理（Tánaiste）、财政部长必须是下议院议员。爱尔兰执政党现为总理伯蒂·埃亨（Bertie Ahern）所领导的爱尔兰共和党（Fianna Fáil）和副总理玛丽·哈尼（Mary Harney）所领导的爱尔兰进步民主党。主要在野党为爱尔兰统一党（Fine Gael）和爱尔兰工党。其他小党如新芬党（Sinn Féin）和爱尔兰绿党也持有下议院席位。9
c
司法机构：最高法院yo
Dt
政党与党魁：爱尔兰共和党（Fianna Fail，党魁Bertie AHERN）；爱尔兰统一党（Fine Gael，党魁Enda KENNY）；绿党（Green Party，党魁Trevor SARGENT）；劳动党（Labor Party，党魁Pat RABITTE）；爱尔兰革命民主党（Progressive Democrats，党魁Mary HARNEY）；新芬党（Sinn Fein，党魁Gerry ADAMS）；社会党（Socialist Party，党魁Joe HIGGINS）；工人党（The Workers' Party，党魁Sean GARLAND） 8yc
春 何
外交：奉行中立政策，不参加任何军事集团。１９９９年１２月加入北约“和平伙伴关系计划”，但重申无意加入北约。4
c时
重视发展同英美及欧盟的关系。重视联合国的作用，积极参加维和行动。积极拓展海外市场。［但现在爱尔兰香侬机场被爱尔兰政府提供给美军，做为美军在欧洲的军事补给基地。这一做法有违爱尔兰政府的中立政策，因此经常有爱尔兰本地人示威游行，抗议将香侬机场提供给美军，但毫无效果。（２００６年８月）］了花人
全 1在
与中国关系：１９７９年６月２２日，爱尔兰与中国建交。１９９８年９月，爱尔兰总理埃亨访问中国。２００１年９月，中国国务院总理朱镕基应邀访问爱尔兰。２００３年１０月，爱尔兰总统麦卡利斯对中国进行国事访问。２００４年５月，温家宝总理对爱尔兰进行正式访问。２００５年１月，爱尔兰总理埃亨中国进行正式访问。 的z
是 生小
中爱两国２００２年贸易额达到１４.６亿美元，２００３年贸易增幅高达６０.５％，贸易额超过２３亿美元。y风
自c
在 日f
j g
经济D时
BD要
经济概况：爱尔兰是一个在１９９５~２００４间，每年以７％的平均增长速度发展起来的，小而现代的，依赖贸易的经济体系。x d不
l的
农业曾是爱尔兰最重要的部分，但现在已经逐渐被生产业和服务行业所压缩了重要性。生产业占据了４６％的ＧＤＰ，有８０％出口，和２９％劳动力。尽管出口确保了爱尔兰经济增长的首要动力，经济还同样收益于消费、建筑、和经济投资。人均ＧＤＰ高于１０％，尽次于第一位的卢森堡。在过去十年里，爱尔兰政府执行了一系列的国家经济计划，以调整公市价格和通货膨胀，减少政府开销，增加劳动力技术，和促进外企投资。爱尔兰和另外１１个欧洲成员国于２００２年１月１日加入欧元货币的流通。我f 1大
生n
爱尔兰与中国的贸易种类十分之多，两国在教育互动上尤其有很大的交流。中国人自２０００年起，给爱尔兰的经济带来了很大的帮助。劳动力、消费、通信、餐饮、教育、文化等等。大数量的中国人甚至带动了爱尔兰网络宽带的普及。２００３年一年，爱尔兰单从中国人收取学费，便达到了上亿欧元。 dn 1一
y上
全国土地四分之三为草地和牧场，主要饲养牛、猪、羊。畜产品约占全部输出的半数，以牛肉和乳品为主，活牛出口居世界前列，主要运往英国。农作物以大麦、小麦、马铃薯、甜菜等较重要，粮食不能自给。旅游业收入仅次于农牧业，每年旅客达170万人。六十年代起，工业发展较快，有纺织、机械、化学、肉类等食品加工、饮料（啤酒）、烟草等。1973年加入西欧共同市场，对英国以外诸国贸易正逐步增加。进口化学品、肥料、机械、电器、车辆及零件、纺织品、油类、谷物等。i
大全
ＧＤＰ（购买力平价）：＄１６４６亿（２００５年）hh
x 来2
ＧＤＰ（官方兑换率）：＄１８８４亿（m２００５年）sj
国时
ＧＤＰ（实 有B际增长率）：４．７％（２００５年）北美文学网
了
ＧＤＰ（人均）：＄４１０００（２ 生5００５年） CA在
i天
ＧＤＰ（部门）：个
2 z 农业：５％ 何
生产业：４６％个
服务行业：４９％（２００２年）h们C
年q上 国
劳动力：２０３万（２００５年）不1 何
l6全
劳动力（职业）：春
这
农业和：８％大
这工业：x２９％ 北美枫他m
服务业：６４％（２００２年） v0
日以
失业率：４．３％（２m００５年）北美枫
h8e
贫困人口：１０％（１９９７年） 8自
t
家庭收入或消费所占的百分比： m
最m低10 ％ ： 2 ％ rkw山
最高的10 ％ ： 27.3 ％ （ 1997年） 9全
分配家庭收入-基尼指数： 为q北美文学网
35.9 （1996年） w生时
通货膨胀率人小生（消费物不价指数） 为如
2.4 ％ （ 2005年） 北美文学网
投资（总固定） wve
27 ％的国内生产总值（ 2005年） C
预算： 3中风
收入： 0.46亿元是c
支出： 0.4亿美元;说全c包花括基本建设支出0.5亿元（2005年）自
国家政要：总统玛丽·麦卡利斯 (Mary Mcaleese)，１９９７年１０月当选，１１月宣誓就职；总理伯蒂·埃亨 (Bertie Ahern)，１９９７年６月任职。 上
sp北美文学网
自然地理：面积７０２８２平方公里。位于欧洲西部的爱尔兰岛中南部。西濒大西洋，东北与英国的北爱尔兰接壤，东隔爱尔兰海与英国相望。海岸线长３１６９公里。中部是丘陵和平原，沿海多为高地。最长的河流香农河长约３７０公里。最大的湖泊为科里布湖（１６８平方公里）。属温带海洋性气候。爱尔兰素有“翡翠岛国”之称。 v
k北美枫
个 v
简史 有上如
人们有r
公元前３０００年欧洲大陆移民开始定居爱尔兰岛。公元４３２年，圣帕特里克到此传播基督教及罗马文化。１２世纪进入封建社会。１１６９年遭英国入侵。１１７１年英王亨利二世确立对爱的统治权。１５４１年起英王成为爱尔兰国王。１８００年 一wo
o人天有
签订爱英同盟条约，成立大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国，被英国完全吞并。1845年~1849年发生爱尔兰饥荒，大约有100万爱尔兰人不是饿死，便是病死。还有100万人逃到英格兰、北美或澳大拉西亚（一般指澳大利亚、新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛枣译注）。这200万人只占1845年爱尔兰人口的四分之一。１９１６年都柏林爆发抗英的“复活节起义”。随着爱尔兰民族独立运动的高涨，英国政府同爱尔兰于１９２１年１２月签订了英爱条约，允许爱南部２６个郡成立“自由邦”，享有自治权。北部６郡（现北爱尔兰）仍归英国。１９３７年，爱尔兰宪法宣布“自由邦”为共和国，但仍留在英联邦内。１９４８年１２月２１日，爱尔兰议会通过法律，宣布脱离英联邦。１９４９年４月１８日，英承认爱独立，但拒绝归还北部６郡。爱尔兰独立后，爱尔兰历届政府均把实现南北爱尔兰统一作为既定政策。２００５年９月，国际独立委员会宣布，爱尔兰共和军已完全解除武装，加入和平进程。 为他人f小
st0
爱尔兰于1949年4月宣布成立共和国之后，自 生年动退出了英联邦。（英联邦于1950年才更改规则，允许印度以共和全p自国的身份留在英联邦之内。）虽然爱尔兰并2没有重新申请加入英联邦，但是它保留了许这多成员国的权利，如：爱尔兰c公民在英国享有所有英国公民权利，包括参这选英国国内选举和参加英国军队的权花利。tnA2
时t
他时
r 生n
政治 日我北美枫
kh何
现行宪法于１９３７年６月１４日经议会通过，同年１２月２９日生效，后修改过１０次。宪法规定：爱尔兰国体为共和国，总统由选民直接选举产生，任期七年，有权召集和解散议会，任命内阁总理及部长，并任军队统帅。议会由总统和参众两院组成。 何
大在
铅锌矿储量丰北美文学网富，是欧洲最大的铅锌生产国。泥煤分布占北美枫1无全国面积1个8的１３％。天然气储量估计为３８２亿立方米。所需能源的７０％依靠进口。 花 1们
了 为x
有“爱尔兰文化使者”之称的大型舞剧《大河之舞》融合了爱尔兰舞、踢踏舞、俄罗斯民间舞蹈和西班牙弗拉明戈等多种舞蹈形式他 一
这月
工业主要有电子、电信、化工、制药、机械制造、采矿、纺织、制衣、皮革、造纸、印刷、食品加工、烟草、木材加工等部门。近年来，化工、电子工程、计算机软件产业等突飞猛进，传统的服装、制鞋及皮革业所占比重明显下降。 sl是
A7
农业以畜牧业为主，粮食不能自给。家畜及北美文学网其产品约占农业总产值的７７.５％以上。主要花农作物有小麦、燕麦、马铃薯、甜菜等。耕2地和林地面积占整个陆地面积的７５％。q农业人口１２万z， 北美枫g占整个劳动力的比例为７％。 北美文学网的
春
2003年12月6日，在海南三亚市举行的第53届世在界小姐总决赛上，“爱尔兰小姐”罗莎娜·北美文学网维森以其美丽、机敏的回答和优雅的风范何q1荣膺 yB“世日界小姐”桂冠.zi
D0
旅游业是外汇收入的重要来源全。多年来一直稳步发展。著名旅游点有西部月湖区、q沿海风北美枫z何景区等。 个
f天
新闻出版：有全国性日报８种。此外还有５ 生y种星期日报及许多周报、月报和杂志，地方性报纸９０余种。主要报刊有《爱尔兰时报s》、《爱尔兰独立报》、《爱尔兰先驱晚报》q和《观察者报》。爱无官方通讯社。国营的爱尔兰广播电视总台于１９２６年成立并开g始广播。 人7１９６１年开始播放电视节目。用英语播音。全年广播时间超过９５００。另有爱尔兰语广播电台。花t
j北美枫
j
为mu
文化北美文学网花有
爱尔兰文化源于凯尔特文化，主要由文学、全音乐、舞蹈 个在及体育传统构成。c春
日2要
爱尔兰语属于凯尔特语族，与同语族的苏格兰盖尔语、威尔士语密切相关，至今还有不少相通之处。早期的爱尔兰历史以文学形式出现，主要以“诗”赋“史”，亦英雄传奇史诗为主。公元5世纪，基督教传入爱尔兰。中世纪初，爱尔兰没有经受那场摧毁罗马帝国战争的侵扰，一直是一个与外界隔绝的基督教学习中心。6-11世纪，当欧洲大陆还处于黑暗的中世纪，爱尔兰教士在欧洲各地建立了宗教学习中心，因此爱尔兰被誉为“学者之岛、科学家之岛”。 890
的花的
公元12世纪，英国的入侵给凯尔特文化造成重创。直到19世纪初，爱尔兰语还是大多数居民使用的语言，但到了19世纪末，能讲爱尔兰语的爱尔兰人仅占总人口的15%。h为北美枫不o
tj
12 世纪英语传入爱尔兰,爱尔兰作家用英语进行创作则始于13世纪。爱尔兰培育了许多世界著名的文学家和艺术家，其中有四人获得了诺贝尔文学奖，他们是:诗人叶芝(1923年）、剧作家肖伯纳（1925年）、剧作家贝克特（1969年，代表作《等待戈多》）和诗人希尼（1994年）。还有19世纪唯美主义代表王尔德和代表意识流小说最高成就的作品《尤利西斯》的作者乔伊西。
o在
19世纪末，随着民族文化复兴及爱尔兰的独立，爱尔兰语也得到了相当程度的恢复和展。现在约有35%的爱尔兰人掌握爱尔兰语。目前，爱尔兰语是中小学的必修课。国家爱尔兰语委员会在全国推广使用爱尔兰语，建立了爱尔兰语的电台和电视台。7全
7f
音乐在爱尔兰文化中占有重要地位，竖琴是n春为爱尔兰典型的传统乐器，其造型被选作为爱不国徽标志，昭示 rc了音乐c在爱尔兰所占据的极为重要的地位。说在
o3的u
爱尔兰曲棍球（hurling)是一种独特的传统运动，其历史可追溯到基督教传入爱尔兰（公元5世纪）之前，是世界上速度最快的草地运动。9
北美枫l说不9
爱尔兰的河舞热情奔放，旋律优美，节奏极其鲜明而富于变化，集爱尔兰传统音乐、歌曲、舞蹈的精华于一身，体现了现代爱尔兰的精神风貌，在世界各地受到了广泛好评，是爱尔兰文化的优秀代表。 v月
个
北美枫何
交通状况 v
w全时
爱尔兰的公众交通系统既安全又效率高，也m比较经济。公汽、长途汽车和火车是爱尔兰最普通的公交方式，其这业务主要是由国营集团公司经营；铁路通及s除西北地区外的全境，高速公路发展极为缓来慢；国内无水9运；国内航运业较为发达，而且效率高上、价格适北美文学网中。se
来k
航空：爱尔兰国家太小，飞机旅行不被推荐人中q，除都月柏林、科克、香侬和贝尔法斯特4大机场外，国还有许多地区机场；这些机场均有至伦敦的如定期航班（1个小时的飞行时间），许多机场的还有直飞其它欧洲城市的航班，大多数主要欧洲城市均可这在2小时内乘飞国机抵达。C
说个山 日全
铁路：由于发达程度不够，爱尔兰铁路系统档次与欧洲其它发达国家相差甚远，除都柏林市运营轨线外，爱尔兰无任何电气化铁路，并且没有免费列车时刻表提供；爱尔兰铁路不为所有年轻人和老人提供任何优惠，提前预定车票没有优惠，车票必须在上车前买，没票是不可能上车的；爱尔兰铁路为学生将近对折，但是只有学生卡是不行的，必须先花钱加盖Travel Stamp，每年一换更换一次。爱尔兰没有高速列车，最豪华的线路名为Enterprise，运行于Dublin与Belfast之间，与英国北爱铁路局联运，速度最高为90公里/小时，普通城际车Intercity皆为红色车箱，票价不高。wk
l3 何
公路：爱尔兰拥有一个非常发达的公路网，自按照政府的国家发展计划它还将吸收更多的l投资。公共汽车和铁路运输系统由国有公司j“爱尔兰交通中心系统”的分支机构经营管理。爱尔兰的长途汽车g系统较铁路系统完善，票价总是比火车低，中但慢许多；对学生虽来然打折，但同样要求买Tr说avel Stamp。这
花上z
水运：爱尔兰主要的商业港口有都柏林、科克、利默里克、格林诺尔、罗斯莱尔、当劳盖尔、高威和沃特福德；从这里有定期的渡船载客到英国和法国。 x
不的
u 一
饮食文化 来b上
爱尔兰的传统饮食与英国很相似，家庭饮食以马铃薯、蔬菜、牛肉类为主，面包是爱尔兰人的主食之一。马铃薯的烹饪方法丰富，蔬菜的烹饪方式以水煮为主。由于都柏林靠近海边，故有很多新鲜的海鲜食品，海鲜类料理也很多。爱尔兰在传统饮食的基础上引进了法国、意大利等其它国家的饮食方式，爱尔兰菜不油腻，很清淡.一般正餐为土豆、肉类（羊肉、猪肉、鸡）或鱼、一或两样蔬菜（胡罗卜、芹菜、元白菜、洋葱、辣椒、黄瓜、蘑菇都是时令蔬菜），或生吃（色拉）或水煮；另外，爱尔兰人爱吃奶制品、鸡蛋、奶酪、牛奶、酸奶、水果等。北美枫r
日要年7春
爱尔兰人平时习惯吃英式西餐，用餐习惯使用刀叉，他们特别喜欢吃清炖菜肴，尤为营养价值高的菜品，更为他们所偏爱；乐于喝清汤，喜欢在餐桌上配备多种调味品；同时，他们对中国的苏菜、粤菜也很喜欢。爱尔兰人招待朋友的茶会颇为讲究，当友人来访坐定后，先让客人一杯接一杯地饮爱尔兰特有的黑啤酒（几内斯），然后，主人才肯端上茶或咖啡等及其它的方便食品。 B4Bj
l8 为风
说无Ch我
娱乐项目 A时
社会生活是爱尔兰生活非常重要组成部分，而都柏林作为国际化的大都会在这方面有着自己独特的魅力。作为一个只有100万人口的城市，都柏林拥有800多间酒吧，人们经常聚集在酒吧里、饭店里、伴着音乐谈笑风生，尽享人生快乐。都柏林有很多娱乐方式：戏院、电影院、艺术及历史博物馆，现场音乐娱乐活动随处可见；如果你有兴趣，在很多地方还可以欣赏到现场的摇滚乐表演。同时，爱尔兰的钓鱼、高尔夫球、航海及登山等体育运动也非常出名。 以
时
们 生y
军事7以
们要
奉行中立政策，不参加任何军事集团。1999年12月加入北约”和平伙伴关系计划”，但重申无意加入北约。重视发展同英美及欧盟的关系。重视联合国的作用，积极参加维和行动。 大的
zm
国u
sk
外交j4
爱尔兰奉行中立政策，不参加任何军事集团说，1999年12月加入北约“和平伙伴关系计 一不划”。1979年6月22日爱尔兰与中国建交，并于1B998年9月、2003年10月t0在和2005年1月分别三次对中国进行正式访问。j
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireann如aigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European ethnic group who ori dzginate in Ireland, in north western Europe. People of Irish1fr ethnicity outside of Ireland are common in many western countries, particularly in English-speaking countries. The laf月何rgest number of people of Irish descent live in the United 9States -不- about 7ten times more than in Ireland it 一2self.如
了
Descent 8人
Further information: Genetic histo年q年ry of the British Isles and Settlement of Great Britain and我ms Ireland 2这
During the past 9,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed many different peoples arrive on its shores. Legendary early arrivals included the Nemedians, the Fomorians, the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha Dé Danann, though with the exception of the Firbolgs, they are now treated as mythical rather than actual human incursions. vBt
天 g
The ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Ceide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived. As late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium AD the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Scotia, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Hibernia and Scotia to the Romans, and Ierne to the Greeks.h说
以 g
Likewise, the terms for people from Ireland—all from Roman sources—in the late Roman era were varied. They included Attacotti, Scoti, and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddel (meaning raiders), was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However, as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations. 国说0l
国
The term Irish and Ireland is derived from the Érainn, a人年月 people who once lived in what is now central and south Mun 北美枫和ster. Possibly their proximity to overseas trade with western Britain, Gaul and Hispan 个春ia led to the name of this one people to be applied to the f国qwhole island and its inhabitants.t
2
A variety of historical ethnic groups have inhabited the island, including the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Eóganachta, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain and Ulaid.w是春
如B以
One legend states that the Irish were descended from Mílo Espáine (coined Milesius, from Latin "Miles Hispaniae", meaning "Soldier of Hispania"). The character is almost certBainly a mere personification of a supposed migration by a g d个roup or gro北美文学网ups from Hispania to Ireland. This legend is the sou 个lrce of the term "Milesian" in reference to the Irish. If this invasion was as large as the mythology would suggest, it would account for the genetic similarity of the Northern Iberian populations and the Irish.x
生年B生
It is thought that the Basque Country and neighbouring regions served as a refuge for palaeolithic humans during the last major glaciation when environments further north were too cold and dry for continuous habitation. When the climate warmed into the present interglacial, populations would have rapidly spread north along the west European coast. Genetically, in terms of Y-chromosomes and Mt-DNA, inhabitants of Britain and Ireland are closely related to the Basques,[11][9] reflecting their common origin in this refugial area. Basques, along with Irish, show the highest frequency of the Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1b in Western Europe; some 95% of native Basque men have this haplogroup. The rest is mainly I and a minimal presence of E3b.[11] The Y-chromosome and MtDNA relationship between Basques and people of Ireland and Wales is of equal ratios than to neighbouring areas of Spain, where similar ethnically "Spanish" people now live in close proximity to the Basques, although this genetic relationship is also very strong among Basques and other Spaniards. In fact, as Stephen Oppenheimer has stated in The Origins of the British (2006), although Basques have been more isolated than other Iberians, they are a population representative of south western Europe. As to the genetic relationship among Basques, Iberians and Britons, he also states (pages 375 and 378):i 为s
日如以
By far the majority of male gene types in the British Islmes derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in L 个何langefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On averagxe only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west BEurope. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wip山和peout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irish (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and centr y国al and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Ibcerian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of 不the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England 北美文学网has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogmd花ene北美文学网ity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples...z他
风 一
Brian Sykes, in the book based on his genetic research, Blood of the Isles (2006) comes to similar conclusions. Some quotations from the book follow (note that Sykes uses the terms "Celts" and "Picts" to designate the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Isles who spoke Celtic languages and is not referring to the people known as Celts in central Europe). v 1d
A时
“ [T]he presence of large numbers of Jasmine’s Oceanic clan ... says to me that there was a very large-scale movement along the Atlantic seaboard north from Iberia, beginning as far back as the early Neolithic and perhaps even before that. ,,,The mere presence of Oceanic Jasmines indicates that this was most definitely a family based settlement rather thatn the sort of male-led invasions of later millennia.[12]北美枫 g
” ch和
“ The 'Celts' of Ireland and the Western Isles are not,m as far as I can see from the genetic evidence, related t不o the Celts who spread south and east to Italy, Greece and rvTurkey from the heartlands of Hallstadt and La Tene...durin yvg the first millennium BC...The genetic evidence shows that何花b a large proportion of Irish Celts, on both the male and fe北美文学网male side, did arrive from Iberia at or about the same timem全的 as farming reached the Isles. (...)北美文学网
44
The connection to Spain is also there in the myth of Brut全us.... This too may be the faint echo of the same origin myth as the Milesian Irish and the connection to Iberia is almost as strong in the British regions as it is in Ireland. (...)zj
是
They [the Picts] are from the same mixture of Iberian and European Mesolithic ancestry that forms the Pictish/Celtic substructure of the Isles.[13]风y
” f花d
“ Here again, the strongest signal is a Celtic one, in the form of the clan of Oisin, which dominates the scene all over the Isles. The predominance in every part of the Isles of the Atlantischromosome (the most frequent in the Oisin clan), with its strong affinities to Iberia, along with other matches and the evidence from the maternal side convinces me that it is from this direction that we must look for the origin of Oisin and the great majority of our Y-chromosomes...I can find no evidence at all of a large-scale arrival from the heartland of the Celts of central Europe amongst the paternic genetic ancestry of the Isles... can[14]了3q9
” 日为 v
上北美文学网
The Vikings founded many of the most important towns in Ireland, including Dublin and Cork (earlier native settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports), and a hybrid Irish-Norse trading jargon developed called 'Gic-goc.' The arrival of the Normans brought Welsh, Flemish, Normans, Anglo-Saxons and Bretons, most of whom became assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, particularly the Welsh-Normans who settled into the Pale area due to the close proximity of Ireland to Wales. The late medieval era saw Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse-Pict descent settle, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. The Plantations of Ireland and in particular the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century introduced great numbers of Scottish, English as well as French Huguenots as colonists. Despite these divergent backgrounds most of their descendants consider themselves Irish—even where they are aware of such ancestry—mainly due to their lengthy presence in Ireland. 日和 g
7全
Historically, religion, politics and ethnicity became intertwined in Ireland. Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Ireland Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Ireland Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster".[15] A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Ireland Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Ireland Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British".[16] The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".[17][18] 日p上
c
上
Surnamesck
See also: Irish names 北美文学网3y
It is common for Irish Gaelic surnames to be anglicised when used in English, and retain their Gaeilic version for use in Gaelic, just as many surnames of non-Gaelic origin have adapted their own Gaelic versions for use in Gaelic. This dual language system for surnames dates to when the language spoken in Ireland changed from the Irish language to the English language due to the plantations in the 1600s. 国 s4
春
It is very common for people of Gaelic origin to have the English versions of their surnames beginning with "O'" or Mc (less frequently "Mac" and occasionally shortened to just "Ma" at the beginning of the name).x
4花7
"O'" comes from the Gaelic Ó which in turn came from Ua (originally hUa), which means "grandson", or "descendant" of a named person. For "Mac" or "Mc" means "son of"; many names also begin with this. There is no basis in fact for the claim that Mac is Scottish and Mc is Irish: Mc is simply an abbreviation of Mac. However, while both Mac and O' prefixes are Gaelic in origin, Mc is more common in Ulster and Ó is far less common in Scotland than it is in Ireland. Some common surnames that begin with Ó are: Ó Ceallaigh (Kelly), Ó Gormáin (O'Gorman), Ó Gallchobhair (O'Gallagher), Ó hAinbhthin (Hanifin, Hanifan etc.), Ó Raghallaigh (O'Reilly), Ó Laoidheach (Lee), Ó Néill (O'Neill), Ó Briain (O'Brien),O Fallamhain (O'Fallon) Ó Conchúir (O'Connor), Ó Cathasaigh (O'Casey), Ó hÍcidhe, Ó Laoire (O'Leary), Ó Seachnasaigh (O'Shaughnessy),Ó Greaney (O'Greaney),Ó Gradaigh (O' Grady), Ó Caoimh (O'Keeffe) Ó Dónaill (O'Donnell), Ó Dubhda (O'Dowd or O'Duffy), Ó Tuathail (O'Toole), Ó Madadhain / Ó Madain (Madden, Madain, Madigan), Ó Meadhra(O'Meara), Ó Mealaigh (O'Malley), Ó hEadhra (O'Hara), Ó Bradaigh (O'Brady), and Ó Seanacháin (O'Shanahan). Some names that begin with Mac are: Mac Diarmada (MacDermott), Mac Cárthaigh (MacCarthy), Mac Donnachadha (MacDonough), Mac Dómhnaill (MacDonnell), McElligott, Mac Coileáin (MacQuillan), Mac Samhrain (McGovern), Mac Aonghusa (MacGuinness, Magennis), Mac Lochlainn (MacLaughlin), Mac Uidhir (MacGuire), Mac Mathúna (MacMahon, MacMahony) Mac Gadhra (McGeary) and Mac Cormaic (MacCormack). However, the two are not exclusive, so, for example, MacCarthy and McCarthy are both used.不j g
日mk
There are a number of Irish surnames derived from Norse personal names, including Sweeney from Swein and Mc Auliffe from Olaf. The name Cotter, local to Cork, derives from the Norse personal name Ottir. Though these names were of Viking derivation most of the families who bear them appear to have had native origins.c了
年D说
"Fitz" is a corruption of the French phrase fils de, used by the Normans, meaning son of. The Normans were ultimately descendents of Vikings who settled in Normandy and had thoroughly adopted French ways and language.x2
u来
A few names that begin with Fitz are: FitzGerald (Mac Gea4railt), FitzSimons (Mac Síomóin), FitzGibbons (Mac Giob天úin), Fitzpatrick (Mac Giolla Phádraig) and FitzHenry (Ma何时ic Anraí), most of whom descend from the initial Norman set 6如tlers. Exceptions occur in a small number of Irish families 个年 of Gaelic origin who came to use a Norman form of their oruiginal surname - witness Mac Giolla Phádraig becoming FitzsPatrick - while some assimilated so well that the Gaelic na 北美枫1me was dropped in favor of a new, Hiberno-Norm[an form. Casnes in this category include Mac Gilla Mo-Cholomoc of Dublinj becomin k和g FitzDermot (after Dermot or Diarmaid Mac Gilla Mo-Cholomo r国c).Although Fitzpatrick is t 来日he only surname beginning with "Fitz" that isf一为 of Native Gaelic origin.日
Dy
Other Norman families derived their name from places or p l2eople in Ireland. This was the case of the family of Athy (不see Tribes of Galway) who took their surname, de Athy, froms the town of that name in Leinster. More common, however, wf时tas that the Normans became 'Hiberniores Hibernis ipsis' and北美文学网 in this process the Fitzmaurices became Mac Muiris, the Fi 个7tzsimons became Mac Síomóin and Mac an Ridire, Fitzgerald became Mac Gearailt, Bermingham became Mac Fheorais, Nt大aangle became Mac Coisdealbha, Staunton北美文学网 became Mac an Mhíleadh k是a, ancd so forth.5 国
k他
In the late 12th century and 13th century Norman, Welsh, English, Flemish and Breton peoples arrived in Ireland at the request of Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster, and took over parts of the island. During the next three hundred years, they intermarried with ruling Irish clans, adopted Irish culture and the Irish language and as the English put it "became more Irish than the Irish themselves". Another common Irish surname of Norman Irish origin is the 'de' habitational prefix, meaning 'of the' and originally signifying prestige and land ownership. Many Irish surnames share this: de Búrca (Burke), de Brún, de Barra, de Stac, de Tiúit, de Faoite(White), de Paor (Power), and so forth.e
g是
It should be emphasised, especially with Gaelic surnames,m there may be two or more unrelated families bearing the sato中me or similar surnames. For example, there were at least ni北美文学网ne separate Ó Ceallaigh septs, all unrelated. The Mac Loch北美文学网lainn, Ó Mael Sechlainn, Ó Mael Sechnaill, Ó Conchobair 天Mac Loughlin and Mac Diarmata Mac Loughlin families, all distinct, are now aDll subsumed together as MacLoughlin. The full surname usual国ly indicated which family was in question, something that h国as being diminished with the loss of prefixes such as Ó an山ocd Mac. In 生oaddition, in Classical Irish when a Mac surname was followed by a name which began with a vowel, the Mac became Mag. T9his explains why one will still see the older spelling of Mcac Aonghusa (McGuinness) as Mag Aonghusa, Mac Uidhir (Magui了B3re) as Mag Uidhir, a北美文学网nd so forth. sw
A
Furthermore, different branches of a family with the same surname sometimes used distinguishing epithets, which sometimes became surnames in their own right. Hence the chief of the clan Ó Cearnaigh (Kearney) was referred to as An Sionnach (Fox), which his descendants use to this day.u37无
他的
Similar surnames are often found in Scotland for many rea 来是sons, such as the use of a common language and mass Irish immigration to Scotland in the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries. Also Scottish surnames are noticeabl 北美枫1e in some Catho上lics in Ireland, particularly in Ulster, due to intermDarriage and pre-Reformation 小immigration. d日i
0i
m年为7
Personal names (forenames)D
Some personal names in modern Ireland are derived from tr3小们aditional Irish Names, and anglicised Irish names, although standard English names remain popular.我是来
The recent years have seen a major decline in most Irish names for babies being born in the Republic of Ireland. While in the past names such as Patrick (a name of Roman origin), Séamus (the Gaelic form of James) and others were almost ubiquitous in any family, today they are among the rarer names for children and the same goes for most other Irish names, although there are a few notable exceptions. Conor remains very popular, having topped the Most Popular new names for babies list many years running. The name Jack, which is a diminutive of John, James and Jacob, has grown in popularity. Seán, Gaelic for John, remains one of the most popular Irish names. Male names from North America have become more popular in recent times. There are many other Anglicised Irish names which remain popular, such as Ryan, Neil and others remaining on the Names List.7t
北美枫pq
Aside from Seán other male names from the Norman-Irish tradition include Gearóid (Gerard), Piaras (Pearce), Éamonn (Edward), Liam (William) and indeed the very use of the name Pádraig (Patrick) is a Norman tradition. Prior to the Normans the Gaeil, out of reverence to Saint Patrick, named their children Giolla Phádraig, the servant of Patrick. Piaras is an interesting example of how both Norman and English traditions collided. Piaras is from the Norman-French Piers which itself is derived from the Latin, Petrus. Piaras/Piers was a common name in late medieval and early modern Ireland. However, with the expansion of British rule the English name Peter, which shares the same Latin root, began to replace it. Today, the Irish version (Peadar) of the English name (Peter), tends to be more common than the Irish version (Piaras) of the older Norman name (Piers). Thus, families with Norman surnames where Piaras has been a traditional name have broken the link to their historic tradition. An exception to this would be in the Gaeltachtaí where, for example, Piaras would still be very common, especially in the Corca Dhuibhne area of County Kerry due to the legacy of Piaras Feiritéar, where Piaras remains a very common name in the Feiritéar family. The maintenance of such traditions in personal names outside the Gaeltachtaí would generally be a sign of more educated parents. In an analogous way to Piaras, Irish families of patrilineal Gaelic descent sometimes use the Irish version (Séarlas) of the English name, Charles, rather than the names with a much longer vintage in their families, such as Calbhach and Cathal. Where Cathal is used it is often wrongly termed "the Irish for Charles" in a similar way to which the ancient Irish personal name, Áine, is wrongly said to be an Irish version of the English word, Anne. Rather, both Cathal and Áine are two very ancient Irish names with no etymological link whatsoever to the above English names.[19]tu
我D
For females, the traditional Irish names are far more pop 生花ular, although their spellings are not always uniform. Name 北美枫ms such as Mary, Ann, and Eileen which were hugely common in Cy the past have now declined, although there was always much 一r more variety in female names than in male. Today Aoife, Ai5sling, Ciara, Sinéad, and Órla are more popular as tradit9ional Irish nam北美文学网es, while foreign names such as Ella, Emma, Lisa, Rachel an如d Isabelle have become more common. Some older names have m这aintained their popularity, such as Sarah, Kate, 国Catherine a rend Louise.北美枫Ak 为要
生一 s我
Female names from the Norman-Irish tradition are widespread and among the most traditional of Irish personal names. In a similar way to the name Pádraig (Patrick), in the pre-Norman tradition Máire did not exist but rather Maol Muire, devotee of the virgin Mary, was the normal Irish usage. Other common Irish female names of Norman origin (with their anglicised form) are Caitríona (Catherine, Katrina), Síle (Sheila), Caitlín (Kathleen), Cáit (Kate), Sinéad (Jane, Janet etc) and Siobhán (Joan, Jane etc). d生f
日在了
There can be major differentiations between regions. A pekrsonal name can still often indicate where a person, more p以recisely a man, is from. This is accounted for chiefly in tzhe sainthood cults which have been traditional throughout t了vjhe island. For instance, Fionnbharr is more common in Cork,D Finnian in Meath and Donegal, Fionán in Kerry, and so forjth, where these particular saints are institutionalised in 5local tradition. Seaghan remains the Ulster Irish spelling 9of Seán, though Séan, with the accent over the E, is also花 common. Páidí is more common in the Kerry Gaeltacht than以 elsewhere, and so forth. Jarlath is the patron saint of Tu8我Bam and the name is thus quite common in that region. As in 国the Feirit r生éar famil国y above, the first name can also often indicate a family tradition as well as place.y
为日 生2
See Irish namesf 何
的4
在上
Recent history 8自f
全D
Statue of Irish Musician Phil Lynott, DublinIn the Republic of Ireland about 86.82% [10] of the population are Catholic. In Northern Ireland about 年x说53.1% of the population are Protestant (21.1% Presbyterian, 15.5% Church of Ireland, 3.6% Methodist, 6.1% Otheer Christian) whilst a large minority are Catholic at approximately 43.8%, as of 自2001.307
来i时
After Ireland became subdued by England in 1603 the English – under James I of England (reigned 1603 – 1625) who was also James VI of Scotland (1566 – 1625), Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell (term 1653 – 1658), William III of England who was also William II of Scotland (reigned 1689 – 1702) and their successors – began the settling of English in Leinster (the English Pale), and later Protestant English and Scottish colonists into Ireland, where they settled most heavily in the northern province of Ulster.f
的
Many native Irish were displaced during the 17th century Plantations of Ireland from parts of Ulster, and were replaced by English and Scottish planters. Only in the major part of Ulster did the plantations prove long-lived; the other three provinces (Connacht, Leinster, and Munster) remained heavily Catholic, and eventually, the Protestant populations of those three provinces would decrease drastically as a result of the political developments in the early 20th century in Ireland.D来
y
It is predominately rel北美文学网igion, history and political differences (Irish nationalism versus British unionism) that divide the tw如o communities, as many of the Scots-Irish settlers are in part of Celtic origin themselves anld therefore relate北美文学网d to their Irish Catholic neighbours. 来jc
何 d9
Conversely, some Irish people would have at least some de人21gree of English or Scottish (gallfu年owglass fam这ilies from the Highlands) anxcestry.月 北美文学网h
g2
In 1921, with the formation of the Irish Free State, six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland.时k
国
"Ulster-Irish" surnames tend to differ based on which com 1jmunity families originate from. Ulster Protestants tend to k9have either English or Scottish surnames while Catholics te我zend to have Irish surnames, although this is not always the 北美枫和天case. There are many Catholics in Northern Ireland with surn来ames such as Emerson, Whitson, Livingstone, Hardy, Tennyson国, MacDonald (however this surname is also common with Highland Roman Catholics in Scotland), Dunbar, Groves, Legge, Scott 6e, Gray, Page, Stewart, Rowntree, Henderson, et al; almost ccertainly due to interm北美文学网arriage. According to Lecky, conversions also occurred to a我ka lesser extent, which were mostly class-based; Catholics so1m不metimes become Protestant to keep their lands and titles or to gain advantages, 中while some Protestants who were from the lower classees or who had fallen on hard times would become Catholic.北美文学网要
不z 北美文学网是
t do
Irish di2aspora北美文学网
Main article: Irish diasporaC北美文学网
The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and nations of the Caribbean such as Barbados. These countries, known sometimes as the Anglosphere, all have large minorities of Irish descent, who in addition form the core of the Catholic Church in those countries. The diaspora contains over 80 million people; it is believed that roughly one third of the Presidents of the United States of America had at least some Irish descent, while Charles Carroll of Carrollton (whose Irish born grandfather Daniel had left Britain to escape Catholic persecution) was the sole Catholic signatory of the American Declaration of Independence. [11]k
o3hz
There are al全so lar我和风ge Irish communities in some mainland European countries, notably in France and Germany, as well as Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.了l有j
为们以
Irish in the Americas number around 60 million. They are kthe second largest self-reported ethnic group in the Unitedj States, after German Americans. It's also one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Canada, Irish Canadians n山A为umber around 4 million. In the mid-19th century large numbers of Irish immigrants to the U.S. were conscripted into the army at the time of the Mexican-American War. Many defected to the Mexican army and eventually settled in Mexico in 以order to escape the strong anti-Catholic discrimination in 我天Dthe U.S. Vicente Fox, former president of the Republic of Mexico, is of Irish descent. Although some Irish retained their surnames intact, others were assimilated into the北美枫y上 Spanish vernacular. The last name O'Brien,for example, beclame Obregón. Also, large numbers of Irish people emigrated to Argentina in the 18th and 19th centuries. Irish-Argentixnes number over 500,000. Some famous Argentines of Irish descendent include Che Guevara, ex-president Edelmiro Farrell and national hero William Brown.北美文学网
t2
One important Irish group in the history of the Americas are the "Patricios", or Saint Patrick's Battalion, a group of European Catholic immigrants, mostly Irish, who left the American side during the Mexican-American War and joined the Mexican Army. Although many of them were caught and executed by the American government, some escaped and remained in Mexico. The battalion is commemorated in Mexico on Saint Patricks's day and on September 12, the anniversary of the first executions. 一不他
x
北美枫9大
Notable Irish people时 何
Main article: List of Irish people他k
Aidan of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne, died 651 风 国
Bono (Paul Hewson) - Rock musician, Lead singe年c风r of U2 月大
mBrigid of 了说来Ki说ldare - Saint, 8来wdied c.525 8自2们
Cerball mac Dúnlainge, King of Osraige 842-888 来
Dicuil - Geographer全, fl. 8th/9th century 不了
Enya - country's second most successful musical act, born 1961 风北美文学网
Feidlimid mac Cremthanin, King of Munster, 820-846 8国 v
Flann Sinna, King of Mide and High King; c.847-916 u
Johannes Scotus Eriugena, philosopher, 1他 died 877 0
Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, Irish High King, 2died 862 gC
Marianus Scotus, chronicler, died c.1083 了大
Niall of the 自Nine Hostages - Irish king and pirat中e, d花ied c.450/455 全要k
Bertie Ahern - Irish Taoiseach 1997-2008 j不他
Francis Bacon (painter) - Artist, 1909-1992 AD
Francis Beaufort, hydrographer, 1774-41857 s
Robert Boyle - Che们mist北美文学网, 1627-1691 n个
George Berkeley - Philosopher,1685-1753 sh
Pierce Brosnan - actor, played James Bond 1994-2005 的f
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde - statesman and soldier, died 1688 s山
Gay Byrne - present 有月er of the Late Late Show (1962-1999) 2时
Todd Carty Actor/Director, Born 1963 Limerick City. 北美枫北美枫
Patrick Clancy - Member of the Cl和ancy Brothers 北美文学网要
Bob Carlos Clarke - erotic photographer, 1950-2006 D是
Darren Clarke - professional golfer s6 一
Tom Crean - Antarct3了全ic exp Calore C4r, 1877-1938 年r5o
Ninette de Valois - ballerina and founder of the Royal Ballet, died 2001 花月e
Colin Farrell - actor, b们orn 1976 的C
Paddy Finucane - Battle of Britain flying ace, 1920-1942 国风
George FitzGerald - physi北美文学网cist z
Rory Gallagher - rock and blues musician u风
Bob Geldof - singer,月 activist 一nand entrepreneur, bor天n 1954 的如
Brendan Gleeson - actor 春i
Augusta, Lady Gregory - playwright, co-founder of Abbey Theatre, died 1932 f
Veronica Guerin - journalist, murdered 1996 h个
Arthur Guinness - brewer and founder of the Guinness dynasty c2
William Rowan Hamilton - mathematician and scientist 北美文学网是不x
Glen Hansard - Academy Award-winningsongwriter and rock musician 年有年 d要
Richard Harris Actor, Born 1930 Limerick 来们City. 日
Margaret Hassan - humanitarian, kidnapped and murdered in Iraq r在
James Hoban - designer of the White这 House 来 日6
John Hume - Politician, Nobel Laureate, bokrn 1937 自月
Neil Jordan - film director g天
James Joyce - no 北美枫6velist 上
Roy Keanek - footballer u如
Caitlín R. Kiernan, fantasy/science fiction writer, born 1964 A 来大
Francis Ledwidge - poet and political activist, killed in action 1917 Cc
Dónal Lunny - folk musician, born 1945 h以春
Phil Ly北美文学网nott - 9singer-songwr上iter and rock star,u died 1986 r这
Mary McAleese - President of Ireland since 1997 花A的
Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh - historian and genealogist, murdered 1671 个
Dermot MacMurrough - King of Leinster, died 1171 何大
Eamonn月 McCann, political activist, bor来n 1943 xx
Barry McGuigan, featherweight boxing world champion, born 1961 了说月这
Finian Maynard - Winds和urfing champ 个bion 9
Jonathan Rhys Meyers - actor, bor和n 1977 山为的 日y
Spike Milligan - comedian, actor and writer w不是
Van Morrison - singer-songwriter, musician born 1945 我B s不
Liam Neeson - actor, born 1952 i2
David Norris, Senator and Civil Rights Activist, born 1944 不r不2
Graham Norton - TV personality and actor y的
Turlough O'Carolan - Irish harpist and composer, 1670-1738 Bbw全
Daniel O'Connell - barrister and Irish emancipator yu
Francis Martin O'Donnell - senior UN diplomat 全m
Seán Óg Ó hAilpín - captain of the Cork hurling team 1天
Grace O'Malley - Irish chieftain and pirate, c.1530-c.1603
Martin O'Neill - Footballer and Manager te
John O'Riley - founder of Saint Patrick's Battalion, 1805-1850 gj
John O'Shea - humanitarian and founder of GOAL 风
Gilbert O'Sullivan - Pop Singer/Songwriter, born 1946 d天C
Sonia O'Sullivan - Olympic athlethe, born 1969 v
Peter O'Toole - Eight-time Academy Award for Best Actor nominee 一u
自
Samantha Power, born 1970, journ9alist, writer, and accademic 中9
Mary Robinson- seventh Irish president, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 花7 g
Adi Roche - humanitarian g和
Ernest Shack 1小leton - Antarctic explorer, died 1922 s7
Steve Staunton - Football Manager 了
Bram Stoker - theatre manager and author of Dracula, died 1912 x全
Lorcan Ua Tuathail - Archbishop of Dublin, died 1180 h说北美枫
Oscar Wilde - Playwright, poet, wit, died 1900 7C
WB Yeats - Poet, mdied 1939 的我何
Mary Ward (scientist), world's first motor vehicle accident victim. 北美文学网花是
Arthur Wellesley - The first Duke of Wellington: politician, solider, British Prime Minister, died 1852 一c
Dave King, guitar and vocals for the band, Flogging Molly 要
Shane MacGowan, legendary songwriter, and singer for nota全ble bands like上 The Pogues, Shane MacGowan and tBhe Popes, and T上he Nipple Erectors 如
时 何
Notes个风
0时
Referencesf
^ The Republic of Ireland 2006 census reports 3,609,556 people who were born on the island of Ireland. The 2001 UK census, in Northern Ireland, reports 1,573,319 people born on the island of Ireland. The combined total is 5,182,875. However, the total population of Ireland is much higher (approx. 6 million), due to the recent large influx of immigration from non-Catholic countries (exc. Poland). 自
^ The [1] American Community Survey 2004 by the United States Census Bureau estimates 34,487,790 persons claiming Irish ancestry and 5,323,888 people claiming Scots-Irish ancestry. These figures are likely to be an underestimate of the true number with Irish and Scots-Irish ancestry as some people will not have been aware of their Irish and Scots-Irish ancestry, or will have chosen not to mention it. Both figures represent an increase from the previous census in 2000. The figure for Irish ancestry increased by approximately 4 million from the 2000 census, but decreased by approximately 4 million from the 1990 census. It should be mentioned that Irish was provided as one of the example responses on the 1990 census form, but not the 2000 census form[2]. This could be a partial explanation for the decrease in the number of those citing Irish ancestry in the censuses. 北美枫c
^ The UK 2001 census shows 869,093 people living in Britain who were born in the Republic of Ireland [3][4]. The census also reports 691,232 people living in Britain who identified themselves as belonging to the Irish ethnic group. [5] c s风
^ The article "More Britons applying for Irish passports" states that 6 million Britons have either an Irish grandfather or grandmother and are thus able to apply for Irish citizenship. [6]. i 北美文学网全
^ [7] gives 491,030 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Irish as a single response, and 3,863,125 including multiple responses, giving a combined total of 4,354,155. The introduction of a "Canadian" ethnic origin category and the large numbers of responses to this category will again alter the data. 是北美文学网
^ The 2006 Australian Census reports 1.9 million people of Irish ancestry in the 2001 Census. Up to two ancestries could be chosen. Recent increases in the number who identify as Australian suggest that this number is an underestimate of the true number with Irish ancestry. With that being said, the number claiming Irish ancestry from the previous census actually more than doubled. One reason, an improved image of what it means to be Irish according to the census experts, making Australians more proud to state their Irish ancestry.[8]. l5 一
^ Flying the Irish flag in Argentina - Western People 北美文学网
^ Irish France - Irish Pubs - Le portail franco irlandais - The Gaelic Gallic scene on screen !! 个 A
^ estimated 35,000-more than 1 million enjoy Irish culture 人rbu
^ RTÉ News - 1st Dublin-Abu Dhabi flight takes off (mentions 3,000 Irish in UAE) 何
^ a b McDonald, World Haplogroups Maps 北美枫D
^ Sykes 2006, p. 280-281 北美枫北美文学网
^ Sykes 2006, pp. 281-282 B4 为和
^ Sykes 2006, p. 283-284 h来全
^ in, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The Fi在fth Report 北美文学网北美文学网
^ Nort 北美枫们hern Ireland Life and Times SuDrvey 月9
^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey D
^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey xww
^ Donnchadh Ó Corráin & Fidelma Maguire, Irish Personal Names 9
11. Lehmann, Winfred P., 1997. 'Early Celtic among the Indo-European Dialects'. Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 49-50. 440-454. 12. [12]
|
